Rock falls are natural process of activities geomorphic on steep slopes in mountainous terrains. At this research, rock fall susceptibility mapping was generated by logistic regression (LR), frequency ratio (FR) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) at a long 11 km of the SALAVAT ABAD road in the eastern of Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. Dependent variables is occurrence and nonoccurrence of rock falls and independent variables are including; slope degree, slope aspect, slope curvature, elevation of sea, lithology, distance from road, distance from fault, land use. The maps which were generated with the methods, compared and verified with rock-falls situation using the success rate curve (SRC). Results showed that the logistic regression, analytical hierarchy process and frequency ratio methods had an accuracy of 85.09, 83.2 and 76.76 percent of the area under the curve (AUC), respectively. Therefore, logistic regression is more proper than the other methods for determining regions prone to the rock fall in the case study.

One of the most important resources of every country is soil. Today, its erosion and producing deposit is a difficult that is increasing progressively and causes to lose surface soil of slope, sediment accumulation in reservoirs, sedimentation in channels and enormous damage to the economy. In this research the gullies of region SALAVAT ABAD-Bijar was studied. Dimension of gullies was studied by using field surveys. The parameters of width, depth, the ratio of width to depth, the channel angel and the parameters of gully shape obtained the cross-sections were estimated. Then these data was clustered by SPSS software and analyzed by the effectiveness of each variable in clusters by variance analysis and used mann-whitney U for assessing difference of each variable with litology. Among of parameters, slope and depth of gully have a significant difference with litology. According to this clustering the gullies is divided into three clusters. The results of test show homogeneity that among the different factors, only slope has been effective in the gullies of region and the reminded parameters has not been effectiveness as the direct factor on gullies, therefore we concludes in the region studied, the morphometric indexes cannot interfere in clustering as an effective factor. Also, it was surveyed the difference among the numbers of gullies in this span under study along with the factors of the amplitude shape, land use, the sensitive level to gullies, slope and the direction of amplitude by using Kruskalwallis H test. The results of this test showed that there is a significant difference among the number of gullies with the mentioned factors in the meaningful level of 0.05.

Gully is one of the forms of water erosion features in many regions of the world. Gully erosion could produce abundant sediment load, reducing the fertility of land and destruction of structures. In literature, for the preparation of landslide susceptibility mapping, several studies have been conducted using logistic regression. But, a few authors focused on gully erosion susceptibility. Susceptibility is defined as the probability of spatial occurrence of a phenomenon on the basis of the relationships between the distribution of the events in the past and a set of predisposing factors. Therefore, statistical methods for quantitative assessment of the place of happening phenomenon are appropriate in future...

Identifying areas susceptible to landslide through risk zoning is one of the most effective and necessary measures to reduce potential hazards and manage risk. In order to zoning the risk of landslide in SALAVAT ABAD basin, slope, gradient, geology, land use, rainfall, distance from the river, distance from the fault, distance from the road were used for landslide risk zoning. The standard fuzzy layers are overlapped and organized in the GIS environment, and then the weight of effective factors is calculated by the ANP model and applied to the information layers for the GIS environment. By overlapping them, the landslide landslide zoning map in 5 floors is very sensitive, High, medium, low, and very low. The results of this assessment showed that the total area of the SALAVAT ABAD Basin with an average risk area of 804. 77 ha (32. 18%). Among the eight factors surveyed, the incidence of landslide was the gradient with weight (0. 224) and the geological criterion with weight (0. 194), the highest weight, and the distance from the fault with weight (0. 036), the criterion of distance from The river with weight (0. 058) and precipitation with weight (0. 056) had the lowest weight for zoning the risk of landslide. The greatest risk of landslide is towards the slopes of the south, south east and east. Also, slopes higher than 10% had the highest risk of landslide.

Rock falls are one of the speed movements in dry and continuous material. They are natural process of activities geomorphic on steep slope in mountainous terrains. At this research, Rock fall Hazard Mapping was generated by Logistic Regression, Frequency Ratio and Overlay Index models at a long 11 kilometer of the SALAVAT ABAD road in eastern Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. Dependent variables is occurrence and non-occurrence rock falls and independent variables including; slope degree, slope aspect, slope curvature, elevation of sea, lithology, distance from road, distance from fault, land use. The maps which were generated with three models, compared and verified with rockfalls situation using Success Rate Curve (SRC). Results showed that the logistic regression model, Frequency Ratio model and Overlay Index model have an accuracy of 85.09, 76.76 and 81.44 percent of the Area under Curve (AUC), respectively. So, Logistic Regression is more proper than the other models for determining regions prone to rock fall in the case study.

example of a fully relativistic equation with both negative and positive energy solutions. The effect of the negative energy states was mitigated by maximizing the energy with respect to a relevant parameter while at the same time minimizing it with respect to another parameter in the wave function. The Cornell potential and a power-law scalar and vector potentials were used in our calculations for the quark confinement. Cares were taken to avoid the Klein paradox by the dominance of the scalar component over the vector part.

INTRODUCTION & Aims: During septolplasty, yvhen deviation is severe, specially in the posterior part of the septum, we have to separate septal qartilage from the perpendicular plate the ethmoid bone, and resect deviated parts of the prependicular plate; thus there is the danger of septal instablity, quite possibly. Materials & Methods: During the 6 years. from 1996 to 2002 all patients operated for septoplasty were given special attention for this problem during the operation, when there was a possibility for SADDLE Nose occurrence This Technique was used in 23 cases. Results & Conclusion: From the 23 patients mentioned above, 21 cases, had no problems, and they were saved from SADDLE Nose. Two patients had septal abscess after a month. one of them was in another city and the abscess was drained and curettaged by another surgeon suiting in dislocated. For the second patient, only drainage was done with Penrose drain insertion, and the patient was managed and controlled, It ended without any complications. There was only one failure, from a total of 23 cases.

A B S T R A C TThe morphology of each region is related to its landforms, the morphology of flat areas is related to inselbergs. The presence of inselbergs in desert and dry areas gives a special appearance to the morphology of these areas. The study of these landforms and the effective factors in their formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to the studies, various factors play a role in the formation of inselbergs, and the role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with the method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi ABAD plain and by studying them, we came to the conclusion that the inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among the geological formations, the largest and most diverse inselbergs in the SafiABAD plain are formed in the mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is the most widespread in this plain. But the most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in the formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although the extent of these formations is not significant, but due to their significant resistance to erosion and being far from these processes, they have caused the formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in the plains. Their resistance to erosion has caused them to be considered capable players in the morphology of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to their uniqueness in desert areas, these areas are of interest to tourists, and the economic situation of these areas can be improved by attracting tourists. The prominence of inselbergs in desert areas has caused researchers to pay attention to their studies, the most important of which are the studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in Finland (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), and Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although the conditions for inselberg formation are available in some areas of Iran, and these landforms have given a particular face to the morphology of this country, no significant study has been done on them so far. This research attempts to investigate the role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi ABAD Plain by using library and field studies. MethodologySafi ABAD plain in the northeast of Iran and North Khorasan province and in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North and 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field and library studies were used to study the inselbergs of this plain. The entire region was surveyed in 2 years in the field studies, and 18 inselbergs were identified. Then, the location and extent of their expansion were determined. In the morphometry that was done as a survey, the minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, and their distance from each other were measured with GPS. The study of the concepts, definitions, and effective processes in inselberg formation was done with the library method. The maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results and discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of morphology; in the studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of them are rocky and have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but some are also formed in other rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg morphology, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in the same formation have the same shape. Although the dominant lithology of the Safi ABAD plain is formed from sedimentary rocks, due to the different resistance of its formations, the height, shape, and slope of the inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of the region. The difference in these characteristics has caused the different shapes of the land in this plain. According to the studies of the most resistant formations of Safi ABAD plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to the resistance against the erosion of the complete inselbergs.After this formation, the Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in the region have formed in it. The third formation in terms of resistance is the Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone and thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of the area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to the different effects of this formation from different processes, its inselbergs do not have the same morphology. The inselbergs formed in this formation are in the middle part of the high area, low in the southern part, incomplete in the western part, and incomplete mushrooms in the path of the Gerati River. After this formation, gray shales are the most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to the Jurassic period, has formed a large part of the northeastern inselbergs. The alternation of limestone and marl in the Delichai formations in the middle part of the region provides the basis for the formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in the future. ConclusionSafiABAD Plain is in the northeast of Iran, and in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central Iran. Inselbergs form part of the morphology of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, and their detailed study showed that their primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in the Devonian to Miocene period with the formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when the tectonic activities calmed down and in opposition to the lithology and erosion of the inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, the well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, and due to its large size and different distances from erosion processes, various inselbergs have been formed in it. The southern inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind and blue erosion. In contrast, the middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the distance from higher erosion, and the western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the superiority of blue erosion. Another formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is the second formation in terms of size and strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. The Shemshak formation is placed after the Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused the formation of chain inselbergs in the northeast of the region. The most typical inselbergs of the region are observed in the thick layered limestones of the formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat areas of the world and even in sedimentary formations. However, the inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous and metamorphic formations. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.